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Shakespeare and Cultural Hegemony Essay - 1842 Words
Shakespeare and Masculine Hegemony The sociological notion that the hierarchy of society is habitually patriarchal, an idea formally named â€Å"masculine hegemony†1, is influenced by literature beginning as early as the Medieval times and remains unchallenged until the appearance of the works of William Shakespeare in the heat of the English Renaissance. Masculine hegemony as a concept arises from the prison writings of Marxist scholar Antonio Gramsci meanwhile he was imprisoned within a fascist jail in the 1920s.2 Creating a sexist doctrine that rules over early societies it filters itself into the pages of some of the most renowned historical pieces of literature. The Iliad by Homer, the Oresteia Trilogy by Aeschylus, the†¦show more content†¦This also establishes the text as being central to the formalization of misogyny. Perhaps the best place for reference on the establishment of paternal and maternal powers is the story of Genesis within the Old Testament. Looking back to the story of Genesis, Adam and Eve, we find the earliest implication of masculine hegemony. Eve is originally created from Adam’s rib, making her simply a later created part of him and not created simultaneously as his equal. Eve is further portrayed as naà ¯ve, unintelligent, and disobedient. She allows herself to be persuaded by the snake to consume the forbidden fruit, and then she passes it along to Adam utilizing ‘wicked persuasion’.7 Their mutual consumption of the apple from the Tree of Life is what damns all mankind by opening Adam and Eve’s eyes to their own nudity.8 God then places the pain of childbirth upon all women and the obligation of lifelong work upon all men. God explains Adam’s punishment beginning with these words â€Å"because you have listened to the voice of your wife and have eaten of the tree†.9 This is the first mention of Eve’s voice or Adam listening to it; and God himself contributes realit y and its irrevocable pain to Eve’s carelessness. This further applies itself to the fault of women everywhere making Genesis a prime example of masculine hegemony. Another place within this early religious literature where we see degradation of women is in matters of reproduction.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of Colson Whiteheads John Henry Days1515 Words  | 6 Pagesregarding the symbolic meanings of the John Henry symbolism. Journalism also happens to be a postmodern profession in the eyes of the narrator and protagonist. Questions related to what is real, and what is cultural mythos, are central to John Henry Days. Whitehead uses his protagonist as a cultural scout: someone who can show the reader the emptiness, alienation, and isolation that are at the heart of American society. Therefore, Whiteheads novel bears much in common with Arthur Millers play DeathRead MorePolitical Violence And Its Effects On The Nation Of Latin America Essay2066 Words  | 9 Pagesfundamental problems existing over legal equality and social hierarchy. 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The concept of curriculum is used here to designateRead Moreâ€Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Era†5448 Words  | 22 PagesThe English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that many cultural historians believe originated in Tuscany in the 14th century. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as the age of Shakespeare or the Elizabethan era, the first period in English and British history to be named after a reigning monarch. Renaissance literally meansRead MoreA Critical Note on New Historicism Essay2751 Words  | 12 PagesTwentieth century, a number of literary theories and approaches have taken birth in a quick succession. Mostly these approaches raise the question of meaning in a work of literature. Some focuses on lingual and rhetorical elements and others on socio-cultural context. Some imparts more importance to ‘reader’, and other consider as usual ‘author’ as a real originator and meaning producer. The ‘death of author and birth of reader’ is the subject of grand significance in the contemporary critical enquiryRead More The Oppression of Caliban in The Tempest Essay2573 Words  | 11 Pagesfrom similar constant abuse because he is of the lowest social rank in his community. Critic John W. Draper describes Calibans position in relation to the other characters when he says,                         Of all the characters in Shakespeare, Caliban is the                         most fully and repeatedly/ described, though not always                         consistently; and his bodily parts seem to show little/                         relation to his humor or his character
Characterization of Having Anorexia Nervosa Free Essays
Anorexia nervosa is a psycho logic illness that is characterized by marked weight loss, an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and amenorrhea (Johnson 1996). It primarily affects adolescent girls and occurs in approximately 0.2 to 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Characterization of Having Anorexia Nervosa or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 percent of the general population (Johnson 1996). There are numerous complications of anorexia nervosa, involving nearly every organ system, however most complications may be reversed when a healthy nutritional state is restored (Johnson 1996). Treatment involves nutritional and psychological rehabilitation, and may be administered on an inpatient or outpatient basis (Johnson 1996). By the age of eighteen, more than 50 percent of females perceive themselves as too fat, despite having a normal weight, therefore it is not surprising that the prevalence and incidence rates of anorexia nervosa (and bulimia) tend to be higher in certain populations, such as college sororities (Johnson 1996). In this type of environment, there is a high priority placed on thinness and dieting is a common practice (Johnson 1996). This condition generally begins in adolescence to early adulthood, with onset at a mean of 17 years of age, however it has been reported in grade-school children and middle-aged persons (Johnson 1996). Anorexia nervosa seldom occurs in developing countries, and is most common in industrialized societies, such as Great Britain, Sweden, Canada, and the United States, where food is easily obtained and a high priority is placed on slenderness (Johnson 1996). Patients with anorexia maintain a body weight less than 85 percent of normal either through weight loss or by refusal to make expected weight gains during times of normal growth (Johnson 1996). Criteria for anorexia nervosa as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV include: A.Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. B.Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. C.Disturbance in the way in which one’ body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight. D.In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea, i.e., the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles A woman is considered to have amenorrhea if her periods occur only following hormone, e.g., estrogen, administration (Johnson 1996). During the current episode of anorexia nervosa, the individual has regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior, i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemas (Johnson 1996). Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a disturbed perception of their own weight and body- shape (Johnson 1996). Some individuals perceive themselves as overweight even though they are emaciated, while other perceive only certain parts of their body as fat (Johnson 1996). Although anorexia nervosa typically develops during adolescence, late-onset disease may emerge in adulthood after successful pregnancies and child rearing (Tinker 1989). When a patient’s weight falls below 70 percent of ideal body weight, hospitalization and use of a nasogastric tube and hyperalimentation may be necessary (Tinker 1989). Many adults who have anorexia nervosa resist an impatient psychiatric admission, however they can be managed on an outpatient basis by a team consisting of the family physician, a psychotherapist and a nutritionist (Tinker 1989). With careful attention to fundamental concepts of care, interventional skills and positive attitudes toward patient care and recovery, most patients with eating disorders can be expected to do well, however the expectation that every patient will develop entirely ‘normal’ behaviors and interpersonal relationships may be unrealistic (Tinker 1989). Julie K. O’Toole, M.D. reported to a conference sponsored by the North Pacific Pediatric Society, that despite common perceptions among medical professionals and the general public, anorexia nervosa is not a psychosocial disease, but is a brain disorder and should be seen as such (Finn 2005). O’Toole claims she has treated children who were home-schooled on farms with no television and no access to fashion magazines, however she does admit that the images of thinness in the media do make it more difficult to achieve remission (Finn 2005). Moreover, several formal epidemiologic studies have failed to find any link between anorexia and social class, and that the disease has been seen in non-Westernized Arabic girls, as well as Asians (Finn 2005). Thus, according to O’Toole, by rejecting the purely psychoanalytic paradigm allows the patient to receive the same compassion and understanding as do victims of other medical diseases (Finn 2005). The most common physical examination findings are lanugo, bradycardia, and hypotension, osteopenia and osteoporosis (Harris 1991). Medical complications include pain and retarded emptying of the stomach, excessively dry skin, intolerance to cold weather, constipation, and edema (Harris 1991). Other complications include decreases in heart size and the development of abnormal blood flow dynamics through the heart chambers and valves (Harris 1991). Laboratory abnormalities can include anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and disturbances of thyroid function (Harris 1991). Some studies have found that undernourishment may result in a significant stunting of growth in male adolescents, but has only a marginal effect in female adolescents (Stein 2003). Other investigators note advanced skeletal maturation during growth retardation, resulting in permanent foreshortening, in a female patient but not in male patients (Stein 2003). A recent study found that anorexia nervosa patients who were discharged while underweight had a worse outcome and higher rate of re-hospitalization than those who had achieved a stable weight (Maloney 1997). A weekly joint care conference on the medical ward is critical for successful management, and for outpatient treatment, the clinician sets the target weight as that weight necessary to regain menses and stop bone demineralization (Maloney 1997). How to cite Characterization of Having Anorexia Nervosa, Essay examples
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